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[Afte Numberin an Formattin thi file notic tha footnot 
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   Federalism, Property, Race, and Judicial Review, 1776-1940

(Fro Pau Bres an Sanfor Levinson Processe o 
Constitutiona Decisionmaking  Boston Littl Brow  Co 2n 
edition 1982  Copyrigh (c 198 b Pau Bres an Sanfor 
Levinson.)

     Par On examine fou subject tha wer th focu o 
intens controvers durin th firs centur an an  hal o 
th Unite States  Th chapter ar organize largel accordin 
t th period conventionall use b constitutiona historians 
Joh Marshall' chief-justiceshi (1801-1835) tha o hi 
successor Roge Tane (1836-64) fro th en o th Civi Wa 
throug th mid-1930' (portion o thi chapte ar furthe 
subdivide int th period befor an afte abou 1890) an 
fro 193 throug th earl nineteen-forties.  An periodizatio 
o event i necessaril imposed contingent an value-laden 
an w encourag yo t b aler to an critica of an claim 
implici i ou organization  
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      Th secon par o thi fina chapte o Par On deviate 
fro th genera organizatio b tracin th doctrine o 
federalis throug t th presen da.
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     Th issue o Par On -- especiall thos o federalism 
propert rights an rac -- hav root i th histor betwee 
th Declaratio o Independenc an th adoptio o th 
Constitutio o 1787  W begi wit  surve o thi pre-
Constitutional period.

I  Backgroun t th Constitution

     I Jun 177 th Continenta Congress meetin i 
Philadelphia appointe committee t draf  declaratio o 
independenc an t prepar "th for o  confederatio t b 
entere int betwee thes colonies."  Withi th mont th 
Congres approve o  Declaratio drafte mostl b Thoma 
Jefferson  Th Article o Confederatio wer onl approve an 
submitte t th state th followin yea an wer ratifie b 
th las state Maryland i 1781.
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      Quote i Th Formatio o th Unio (Nationa Archive 
Publicatio No 70-13 34.
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     Althoug th ne natio wa calle "Th Unite State o 
America, "th Article o Confederatio wer i man way mor 
lik  treat amon  grou o smal nations tha  charte fo 
 trul unifie one.  Articl I provided "Eac stat retain 
it sovereignty freedom an independence an ever power 
jurisdiction an right whic i no b thi Confederatio 
expressl delegate t th Unite States i Congres 
assembled."  Representatio i th Congres wa b states eac 
o whic ha on vot (althoug u t seve delegate coul 
participat i th Congress)  Th delegate wer subjec t 
recal b th states an thei salaries wer pai fro th 
stat treasuries  Th Congress legislativ power wer narrowl 
limited  I lacke th authorit t regulat interstat o 
foreig commerc an th powe t ta citizen o th Unite 
States havin instea t rel o contribution fro stat 
treasuries  Althoug th Congres wa empowere t coi money 
th state retaine th powe t issu pape money whic som 
di wit abandon  
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     @ Id 

      Thi an othe quotation fro th Article ar take fro 
Samune Morison ed. Source an Document Illustratin th 
America Revolutio 1764-178 an th Formatio o th Federa 
Constitutio (2d ed 1965) a pp 178-86.
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     Th Article di no establis  nationa judiciary o  
rea executiv branch  The authorize Congres t establis 
suc "committee an civi officer a ma b necessar fo 
managin th genera affair o th unite state unde thei 
direction, an t appoin  "president o th Congress wh 
coul onl serv  singl one-yea ter i an thre years  I 
178 Congres establishe department o Foreig Affairs War 
Marine an Treasury eac unde singl secretary  

     Governmen unde th Article prove unsatisfactory  On 
weaknes la i th government' "financia incompetence i tur 
ascribabl t it lac o taxin powe an th habitua failur 
o th state t mee thei assessment promptly.  T pa th 
arm an mee othe expenses th Continenta Congres wa 
reduce t printin pape money whos valu wa describe b th 
phras "no wort  continental.  I th absenc o 
congressiona powe t regulat commerce th state wer fre t 
negotiat trad agreement wit eac othe o erec trad 
barrier jus a on natio migh d wit respec t others  Ne 
Yor too advantag o it positio a  por o entr t la 
dutie o good boun fo Ne Jerse an Connecticut whic i 
tur taxe commerc originatin i Ne York.
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      Alfre Kell an Winfre Harbison Th America 
Constitution It Origi an Developmen 9 (5t ed 1976).
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     Th problem o th ne natio la muc deepe tha th 
inadequacie o th federa government  Th Revolutionar Wa 
h lef th countr i sever depression  Th Unite State wa 
exclude fro th Britis mercantil system an forclose fro 
trad wit th Wes Indies  Th war whic ende onl i 1783 
ha devastate Ne England' fishin industry whil "th los o 
Englis bountie o ric an indig ha muc t d wit th 
agricultura deca o th South. "Withi mos o th states  
continuou struggl wen o betwee  paper-mone faction 
compose o smal farmers debtors an artisans an  hard-
mone faction compose o creditors merchants an larg 
planters."   Legislativ victorie b debtors particularl i 
Rhod Island stirre grea fear withi th credito classes  
Shay' Rebellio i 1786 th resul o economi distress 
confirme fear tha collaps o th ne natio wa imminent.

     An governmen woul hav face sever problem i th 
1780's  "Ye t conservative i th Confederatio perio th 
economi difficultie o th da appeare t ris i considerabl 
par ou o th weaknes o th government an th economi 
crisi thu contribute t th impetu fo constitutiona 
reform."  A earl  178 Alexande Hamilto calle fo " 
Genera Conventio fo th purpos o revisin an amendin th 
foedera Government,  cal oppose b Jame Madiso fo fea 
tha suc  conventio woul onl excit "perniciou jealousies 
amon th states.   conventio wa propose agai i 178 -- 
thi tim b Virginia@
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      Id a 104.

     @ Id a 103.

      Id a 104  Historian diffe abou th exten t whic 
th natio wa actuall o th brin o dissolution Compar Joh 
Fiske' influentia book Th Critica Perio o America Histor 
(1888) wit Merril Jensen Th Ne Nation  Histor o th 
Unite State Durin th Confederation 1781-178 (1950)  

     @  paper o Jame Madiso 115-11 (Rutlan  Rachal eds 
1975).

      On hundre an sevent year later Justic Rober 
Jackso describe th backgroun o Virginia' call:

            Whe victor relieve th Colonie fro th pressur 
fo solidarit tha wa ha exerted  drif towar anarch 
an commercia warfar betwee th state began  "   
Eac Stat woul legislat accordin t it estimat o it 
ow interest th importanc o it ow products an th 
loca advantage o disadvantage o it positio i  
politica o commercia view.  Th sol purpos fo whic 
Virgini initiate th movemen whic ultimatel produce 
th Constitutio wa "t tak int consideratio th trad 
o th Unite States t examin th relativ situation an trad o th sai States t conside ho fa  unifor 
syste i thei commercia regulation ma b necessar t 
thei commo interest an thei permanen harmony an fo 
tha purpos th Genera Assembl o Virgini i 178 name 
commissioner an propose hei meetin wit thos fro 
othe states.

H.P Hoo  Co v DuMond 33 U.S 52 (1949).
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     A  conventio hel i 178 i Annapolis Maryland 
sentimen fo  mor genera revisio o th Article wa 
balance b pessimism  Madiso reporte tha "Gentleme bot 
withi  withou Congs wis t mak thi Meetin subservien t 
 Plenipotentiar Conventio fo amendin th Confederation  
Tho m wishe ar i favo o suc  event ye  despai s 
muc o it accomplishmen a th presen crisi tha  d no 
exten m view beyon  Commercia Reform  T spea th trut  
almos despai eve o this."     

     Th repor o th Annapoli Conventio propose anothe 
meetin "t devis suc furthe provision a shal appea    
necessar t rende th constitutio o th Foedera Governmen 
adequat t th exigencie o th Union."  An i February 178 
Congres authorize  conventio "fo th sol an expres 
purpos o revisin th Article o Confederatio an reportin 
t Congres an th severa legislature suc alteration an 
provision therei a shal whe agree t i Congres an 
confirme b th State rende th federa constitutio adequat 
t th exigencie o Governmen  th preservatio o th 
union."     
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      Madiso t Jefferson Augus 12 1786 i  Madiso Paper 
96.

      Formatio o th Union supr not    a 50.

      Id.
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     Th Conventio tha me i Philadelphi i 178 ende u 
draftin  ne Constitution  Th delegate i Philadelphi kne 
the wer exceedin th th congressiona authorization  Edmun 
Randolph th Governo o Virgini wh woul late becom th 
firs Attorne Genera o th Unite States said "Ther ar 
grea season whe person wit limite power ar justifie i 
exceedin them an  perso woul b contemptibl no t ris 
it."  Alexande Hamilto remarke tha "T rel o  propos an 
pla no adequat t thes exigencies merel becaus i wa no 
clearl withou ou powers woul b t sacrific th mean t 
th end."  Durin th campaig fo ratification Madiso 
defende th Convention' actions writin i Th Federalist No 
4 tha th delegate "mus hav born i mind tha a th pla 
t b frame an propose wa t b submitte t th peopl 
themselves    it approbatio [would blo ou anteceden 
error an irregularities."

     Th Philadelphi Conventio nearl deadlocke ove th 
formul fo stat representatio i  ne an mor powerfu 
Congress  Th Virgini Plan whic serve a  workin draf fo 
muc o document i effec propose representatio i bot 
house base o th numbe o fre inhabitant i eac state  
Thi me wit oppositio fro les populou state an fro man 
souther states althoug i wa though tha th populatio o 
th Sout woul gro mor rapidl tha th North th Sout 
feare Norther dominatio o th Congres an th concomitan 
threa t th institutio o slavery  Afte ove  mont o 
passionat controversy th Conventio agree o  compromise  
Th State wer equall represente i th Senate whil 
representatio i th Hous wa proportionat t th su o 
"whol numbe o fre persons an "three-fifth o al othe 
persons i eac state.
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      Ma Farrand ed.  Th Record o th Federa Conventio 
o 178 (rev, ed 1937) a 26 (speec o Jun 16 1787).

      Id a 28 (Jun 18 1787)  Se als id a 34 (Georg 
Mason)  
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     Th Constitution' tw othe allusion t slaver -- th 
"migratio o importation claus o Articl  an th fugitive-
fro "servic o labor claus o Articl I -- als refe t th 
institutio indirectl an eupemistically  Howeve willin th 
author o th Constitutio wer t acquiesc i slaver t 
creat  singl nation the seeme ashame t overtl 
acknowledg it existenc i th foundin Document  Luthe 
Marti remarke tha  Revolutio "grounde upo th preservatio 
o thos rights t whic Go an natur ha entitle us no i 
particular bu i commo wit al th res o mankind an ende 
u b makin  Constitutio tha wa a insul t tha God    
wh view wit equa ey th poo Africa slave an hi America 
master,"     

     O Septembe 17 1787 fou month afte the ha 
convened th member o th Conventio signe th draf 
Constitutio an transmitte i t Congress whic sen i fo 
ratificatio i convention i th states  Th heate campaig 
ove ratificatio no onl produce  serie o extraordinar 
article b Jame Madison Alexande Hamilton an Joh Ja -- 
no know a th Federalis Papers -- defendin th Constitution 
and som brillian article opposin it ratification no 
largel forgotten.  

     On concern widel voice i th conventions wa tha th 
Constitutio containe n Bil o Right fro th document  Th 
firs te amendment wer passe b th Firs Congres o th 
Unite State an ratifie b three-fourth o th State tw 
year later.

      Quote i Lynd Slaver an th Foundin Fathers i Blac 
Histor 119-13 (M Drimmer ed 1968).
 
     @ Se Alpheu Mason ed. Th State Right Debat (1964) 
Cecelia Kenyon, ed., The Antifederalists (1966).
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