The Project Gutenberg EBook of Arthur, Copied And Edited From The Marquis of Bath's MS This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Arthur, Copied And Edited From The Marquis of Bath's MS A Short Sketch of His Life and History in English Verse of the First Half of the Fifteenth Century Author: Editor: Frederick J. Furnivall Release Date: October 10, 2005 [EBook #16845] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARTHUR *** Produced by David Starner, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net [TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE: The original text contained the letters "yogh" and "thorn". They are represented in this ASCII text as [Th] [th] thorn (note that the text also uses "th") [Gh] [gh] yogh [P] pilcrow (parragraph symbol).] Arthur A Short Sketch of His Life and History in English Verse of the First Half of the Fifteenth Century Copied and Edited From the Marquis of Bath's MS. by Frederick J. Furnivall, M.A., Camb. Editor of De Borron's and Lonelich's "History of the Holy Graal," Walter Map's "Queste Del Saint Graal," Etc. Etc. London: Published for the Early English Text Society, by Truebner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXIV Contents Preface Arthur Words Notes Preface As one of the chief objects of the Early English Text Society is to print every Early English Text relating to Arthur, the Committee have decided that this short sketch of the British hero's life shall form one of the first issue of the Society's publications. The six hundred and forty-two English lines here printed occur in an incomplete Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Britain, bound up with many other valuable pieces in a MS. belonging to the Marquis of Bath. The old chronicler has dealt with Uther Pendragon, and Brounsteele (Excalibur), and is narrating Arthur's deeds, when, as if feeling that Latin prose was no fit vehicle for telling of Arthur, king of men, he breaks out into English verse, "Herkene[th], [th]at loueth hono_ur_, Of kyng Arthour & hys labo_ur_." The story he tells is an abstract, with omissions, of the earlier version of Geoffry of Monmouth, before the love of Guinevere for Lancelot was introduced by the French-writing English romancers of the Lionheart's time (so far as I know), into the Arthur tales. The fact of Mordred's being Arthur's son, begotten by him on his sister, King Lot's wife, is also omitted; so that the story is just that of a British king founding the Round Table, conquering Scotland, Ireland, Gothland, and divers parts of France, killing a giant from Spain, beating Lucius the Emperor of Rome, and returning home to lose his own life, after the battle in which the traitor whom he had trusted, and who has seized his queen and his land, was slain. "He that will more look, Read on the French book," says our verse-writer: and to that the modern reader must still be referred, or to the translations of parts of it, which we hope to print or reprint, and that most pleasantly jumbled abstract of its parts by Sir Thomas Maleor, Knight, which has long been the delight of many a reader,--though despised by the stern old Ascham, whose Scholemaster was to turn it out of the land.--There the glory of the Holy Grail will be revealed to him; there the Knight of God made known; there the only true lovers in the world will tell their loves and kiss their kisses before him; and the Fates which of old enforced the penalty of sin will show that their arm is not shortened, and that though the brave and guilty king fights well and gathers all the glory of the world around him, yet still the sword is over his head, and, for the evil that he has done, his life and vain imaginings must pass away in dust and confusion. Of the language of the Poem there is little to say: its dialect is Southern, as shown by the verbal plural _th_, the _vyve_ for five, _zyx_ for six, _ych_ for I, _har_ (their), _ham_ (them), for _her_, _hem_; _hulle_, _dude_, _[gh]ut_, for hill, did, yet, the infinitive in _y_ (_rekeny_), etc. Of its poetical merits, every reader will judge for himself; but that it has power in some parts I hope few will deny. Arthur's answer to Lucius, and two lines in the duel with Frollo, "There was no word y-spoke, But eche had other by the throte," are to be noted. Parts of the MS. have very much faded since it was written some ten or twenty years before 1450, so that a few of the words are queried in the print. The MS. contains a few metrical points and stops, which I have here printed between parentheses (). The expansions of the contractions are printed in italics, but the ordinary doubt whether the final lined _n_ or _u_--for they are often undistinguishable--is to be printed n_e_, n_ne_, or u_n_, exists here too. I am indebted to Mr. Sims, of the Manuscript Department of the British Museum, for pointing out the Poem to me, and to the Marquis of Bath for his kind permission to copy it for printing. _3, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn,_ _London, W.C., August 30, 1864._ Arthur [pg 1] From the Marquis of Bath's MS. BEF. 1450 A.D. [The Latin side notes in italics, and the stops of the text in parentheses (), are those of the MS.] Herkene[th], [th]at loue[th] hono_ur_, [Fol. 42_b_] Of kyng Arthour & hys labo_ur_; How Arthur And furst how he was bygete, was begotten As [th]_a_t we in bok_is_ do rede. 4 by Pendragon Vther pendragon_e_ was hys fader, on Ygerne. And ygerne was hys Moder. Pendragon_e_ ys in walysch_e_ Pendragon 'Dragones heed' on Englysch_e_; 8 (_t.i._ Dragon's He maked ypeynted dragon_e_s two; Head) made Oon schold byfore him goo two painted Whan he went to batayle, dragons, Whan he wold hys foes sayle; 12 That other abood at wynchester, Euermore stylle there. and thence Bretones [gh]af hym [th]_a_t Name, had his name. Vther Pendragon_e_ [th]e same, 16 For [th]at skyle fer & nere Euer-more hyt to here. How Uther loved The Erles wyff of Cornewayle the Earl of He loued to Muche sanz fayle; 20 Cornwall's wife, [Arthur Has the Round Table Made.] Merlyn wy[th] hys sotelnesse Turned vtheris lyknesse, And maked hym lyche [th]e Erl anone, And wy[th] hys wyff (:) his wyll_e_ to done 24 In [th]e cou_n_tre of Cornewell_e_: In [th]e Castel of Tyntagell_e_, and begat Arthur Thus vther, yf y schall_e_ nat lye, in adultery. Bygat Arthour in avowtrye. 28 Whan vther Pendragon_e_ was deed, Arthur is Arthour anon was y-crowned; crowned, He was courteys, large, & Gent to alle puple verrament; 32 Beaute, My[gh]t, amyable chere To alle Men ferre and neere; Hys port (;) hys [gh]yftes gentyll_e_ is loved of all, Maked hym y-loved wyll_e_; 36 Ech mon was glad of hys p_re_sence, And drade to do hym dysplesau_n_ce; is strong A stronger Man of hys honde was neuer founde on any londe, 40 and courteous. As courteys as any Mayde:-- [Th]us wryte[th] of hym [th]_a_t hym a-sayde. [Fol. 42_b_, At Cayrlyon_e_, wyt_h_oute fable, col. 2.] He makes the he let make [th]e Rou_n_de table: 44 Round Table, And why [th]_a_t he maked hyt [th]us, [Th]is was [th]e resou_n_ y-wyss,-- that all at it [Th]at no man schulde sytt aboue other, might be equal. ne haue indignaciou_n_ of hys bro[th]_er_; 48 And alle hadde (.)oo(.) seruyse, For no pryde scholde aryse For any degree of syttynge, O[th]er for any seruynge:-- 52 [Th]us he kept [th]e table Rou_n_de Whyle he leuyd on [th]e grou_n_de. After his first After he hadde conquered skotlond conquests yrland & Gotland, 56 [He Fights Frollo for France.] he lives twelve _[Th]an_ leuyd he at [th]e best years in peace, twelf [gh]eeris on all_e_ reste Wy[th]oute werre (:) tyll_e_ at [th]e laste he [th]ou[gh]t to make (.)a(.) nywe _con_queste. 60 and then invades Into Frau_n_ce wy[th] gode cou_n_ceyle France. he wolde weende (:) & hyt assayle, [Th]at Rome [th]o kept vnder Myght, Vnder Frollo (:) a worthy knyght 64 [Th]_a_t frau_n_ce hadde [th]o to kepe, To rywle, defende, & to lede. He beats Frollo Arthour and Frollo fou[gh]t in feld; back to Paris, [Th]ere deyde many vnder scheld. 68 Frollo in-to Paryss fly, W_y_th strenkthe kept hyt wysely: and there Arthour byseged [th]_a_t Syte & town besieges him, Tyll_e_ [th]eire vytayl was y-doon. 72 till Frollo Frollo [th]at worthy knyght challenges him Proferyd w_y_t_h_ Artho_ur_ for to fyght to single combat. Vnder [th]is wyse & condiciou_n_,-- "Ho hadde [th]e Maystrie (:) haue [th]e crown; 76 And no mo men but [th]ey two." They fight: [Th]e day Was sett (:) to-geder [th]ey go: Fayr hyt was to byholde In suche two kny[gh]ghte[gh] bolde: 80 [Th]er was no word y-spoke, But eche hadde other by [th]e [th]rote; [Th]ey smote w_y_t_h_ trou_n_chou_n_ & w_y_t_h_ swerd; [Th]at hyt seye were a-ferd; [Fol. 43.] 84 Frollo fou[gh]t wy[th] hys ax (:) as men dude se; (Frollo with He hytt Arthour (:) so sore (:) his axe) [th]_a_t he felle on kne. He ros vp raply (:) and smot hym full_e_ sore; He dude hym to grent a (.) soue[gh][1] [th]_er_fore. [1. ? sone[gh]] 88 thus they hyw on helmes hye, And schatered on wy[th] scheldes. [Th]e puple by-gan to crye [Th]at stood on [th]e feldes; 92 [Arthur Returns Victorious to Britain,] till Arthur in ther ne wyst no man, as y can ler_e_, wrath takes Who of ham two was [th]e better_e_ [th]er_e_. Brownsteel, Arthour was chafed & wexed wroth_e_, _Caliburn_us He hente brou_n_steell_e_ | and to Frollo goth_e_ 96 _Arthuri Gladius_ Brou_n_stell_e_ was heuy & also kene; [with a sketch Fra_m_ [th]e schulder(:) to [th]e syde thereof in the went bytwene MS.] and strikes Off frollo | and [th]an he fell to Frollo [th]e grou_n_de Ry[gh]t as he moste | deed(.) in lyte stou_n_de. 100 Frensch_e_ men made doell_e_ & wept full_e_ faste; [Th]eir Crowne of frau_n_ce [th]ere [th]ey loste. Arthur takes Than wente Arthour in-to paryse Paris. And toke [th]e castell_e_ & [th]e town at hys avyse. 104 Worschuped be god of hys grete grace Glory to God. [Th]_a_t [th]us [gh]eue[th] fortune(:) and worschup to [th]e Reme; Thanke [gh]e hym all_e_ [th]_a_t be[th] on [th]is place, Say ye a Pater And seye[th] a Pater noster w_y_t_h_out Noster therefore. any Beeme. 108 Pater noster. Artho_ur_ fram paryse went w_y_t_h_ hys Rowte, Arthur conquers And co_n_quered [th]e Cou_n_tre on euery the countries syde aboute; around, Angeoy[2] , Peytow, Berry, & Gaskoyne, Nauerne, Burgon_e_ | Loreyn & Toreyne; 112 He dau_n_ted [th]e proude | & hawted [th]e poure; He dwelt long in Paryss after in honoure; He was drad and loued in cou_n_treis abowte; Heyest & lowest hym Loved & alowte; 116 And vpon an Esto_ur_ tyme sone afterward He fested hys knyght_is_ & [gh]af ham gret reward; distributes To hys styward he [gh]af Angers & Au_n_geye; them among his To Bedewer hys botyler he [gh]af Norma_n_dye; 120 knights, He [gh]af to Holdyne flau_n_drys parde; To Borel hys Cosyn, Boloyne [th]e cyte; And eche man, after [th]e astat [th]at he was, He rewarded hem alle, bo[th]e More & lasse, 124 and returns to And [gh]af hem reward, bo[th]e lond and Fee, Britain. And turned to Breteyn, to Carlyo_n_e ayhe. [And then Holds a Great Feast.] Artho_ur_ wolde of hono_ur_ [Fol. 43_b_, Arthur gives an Hold a fest at Eestour col. 1.] 128 Easter Feast Of regalye & worthynesse, And feede alle hys frendess; And sende Messanger To kynges ferre & neer 132 [Th]at were to hym Omager, to come to [th]is Dyner. And alle at oo certeyn day They come [th]yder in gode aray, 136 And kept [th]eire Ceson_e_ at Carlyon, At [th]e Castell_e_ Cayrlyon_e_. greater than ere Thys fest was Muche Moore before. [Th]an euere Artho_ur_ made a-fore; 140 Ten kings were For [th]ere was Vrweyn [th]e kynge there, Of scottes at [th]at dynynge, Stater [th]e kyng of south wales, Cadwell_e_ [th]e kyng of north wale[gh], 144 Gwylmar [th]e kyng of yrland, Dolmad [th]e kyng of guthland, Malgan of yselond also, Archyl of De_n_march [th]_er_to, 148 Aloth_e_ [th]e kyng of Norwey, Souenas [th]e kyng of Orkenye, Of Breteyn [th]e kyng Hoel, and thirteen Cador Erl of Cornewell_e_, 152 earls Morice [th]e Erl of Gloucestr_e_, Marran Erl of Wy_n_chestre, Gwergou_n_d Erl of herford, Boo[gh] Erl of Oxenford, 156 (including him Of bathe vngent [th]e Erl also, of Bath), Cursal of Chestr_e_ [th]er-to, Euerad Erl of salesbury[3], Kynmar Erl of Canterbury, 160 Jonas [th]e Erl of Dorcestre, [Arthur's Guests at Cayrlyone.] Valence [th]e Erl of sylchestr_e_, Jugeyn of Leyccer [?] [th]_er_to, Argal of warwyk also,-- 164 Kynges & Erles Echon with many other [Th]es wer_e_; & many ano[th]_er_ goom gentles great, Gret of astaat, & [th]e beste, [Th]es were at [th]e Feste. 168 Other also gentyls grete Were [th]ere at [th]at Meete, Sauer appon Donand, Regeym & Alard, 172 Reyne[gh] fit[gh] Colys, Tade_us_ fit[gh] Reis, Delyn fit[gh] Dauid, Kymbelyn le fit[gh] Gryffith, 176 Gryffit[gh] [th]e Sone of Nagand, [Th]es were [th]er_e_ also theoband: besides the Alle [th]es were [th]ere w_y_t_h_oute fable, Round Tablers, W_y_t_h_oute ham of [th]e rou_n_de table. 180 Archbishops, Thre archebusschopes [th]_er_ wer_e_ also, Bishops, And other busschopes many mo-- All_e_ [th]is mayne were nat al-oone; W_y_t_h_ ham com many a Goome. 184 [Th]is feste dured dayes [th]re In reuell_e_ & sole_m_pnite. and many from Of by [gh]onde [th]e See also beyond the sea. Many lordez[?] were [th]ere [th]o. 188 Now reste[th] alle wy[th] Me, And say a Pater & Ave. Pater noster. The [th]rydde day folowyng The_n_ coom nywe tydynge, 192 [Th]e whyle [th]ey sete at [th]e Mete To the feasters Messagers were In ylete; came messengers Well_e_ arayd forso[th]e [th]ey come, from the & send fram cite of Rome 196 [Lucius's Message to Arthur.] Roman Emperor, Wy[th] l_ett_res of [th]e Emp_er_oures _luci_us. Whas name was Lucies. [Th]es l_ett_res were opened & vnfold, And [th]e tydyng_e_ to alle men told, 200 Whas sentence, yf y ne lye, Was after [th]_a_t y can aspye: L_ite_ra Lucii [P] Luci_u_s [th]e grete Emp_er_our i_m_p_er_at_oris_. To hys Enemy Arthour:-- 204 We woundere[th] of [th]i wodeness And also of [th]y Madnesse! How darst [th]ow any wyse saying, that to A[gh]enst the Emp_er_o_ur_ [th]_u_s aryse, 208 have invaded And ryde on Remes on eche wey, France, etc., and And make kynge[gh] to [th]e obey? made kings, [Th]u art wood on [th]e Nolle! Arthur must be [Th]u hast scley owre cosyn frolle; 212 mad in his noll; [Th]u schalt be taw[gh]t at a schort day [Fol. 44, for to make such_e_ aray. col. 1.] Oure cosyn Iuli_us_ cesar So_m_me tyme conquered [th]ar; 216 that he must pay To Rome [th]u owest hys trybut; his tribute, We charge[th] [th]e to paye vs hyt. Thy pryde we woll_e_ alaye [Th]at makest so gret aray: 220 We co_m_mande[th] [th]e on haste To paye owre trybut faste; [Th]u hast scley frolle in frau_n_ce [Th]at hadde vnder vs [th]er_e_ gou_er_nau_n_ce, 224 And wy[th]holdest oure tribute [th]_er_to: [Th]u schalt be taw[gh]t [th]u hast mysdo: We co_m_mande[th] [th]e in haste soone and come to [Th]at [th]u come to vs at Rome 228 Rome to be To vnd_er_fang our_e_ ordynau_n_ce punished for For [th]y dysobediau_n_ce; his disobedience. As [th]u wold nat leze [th]y lyf, Fulfylle [th]ys w_y_t_h_oute stryff." 232 [Arthur's Answer to Lucius.] The Britons When [th]is l_ett_re was open & rad; purpose to kill [Th]e bretou_n_s & all_e_ men wer_e_ mad, the messengers, And wolde [th]e messager scle:-- but Arthur "Nay," seyd Arthour, "per de, 236 forbids it, That were a[gh]enst alle kynde, A messager to bete or bynde; y charge alle men here for to make ham good chere." 240 And after Mete sanz fayl Wy[th] hys lordes he hadde cou_n_sayl; And alle asented [th]er to, and resolves to Artho_ur_ to Rome scholde go; 244 invade Rome. And [th]ey ne wolde in hys t_ra_uayle Wy[th] strenk[th] & good neuer fayle. Than Artho_ur_ wroot to Rome a l_ett_re, Was sentence was so_m_m-what bytter_e_, 248 And sayde i_n_ [th]is manere As [gh]e may hure here:-- _L_ite_ra Reg_is_ "Knowe[th] well_e_ [gh]e of Romayne, Arthuri._ Y am kyng Artho_ur_ of Bretayne. 252 Arthur's answer Frau_n_ce, y haue conquered hyt, to the Emperor Y schall_e_ defende & kepe hyt [Gh]ut, [Fol. 44, Lucius, Y come to Rome, as y am tryw, col. 2.] claiming tribute To take my trybut (.) to me dywe, 256 from him. But noon [th]ere-for to paye, By my werk [gh]e schall_e_ asay; For [th]e Emp_er_our Constantyne [Th]at was [th]e Soone of Elyne, 260 [Th]at was a Breton_e_ of [th]is lond, Co_n_quered Rome w_y_t_h_ hys hond, And so [gh]e owe[th] me tribut: Y charge [gh]ow [th]at [gh]e pay me hyt. 264 Also Maximian kyng of Bretaigne Co[_n_]quered al frau_n_ce & Almayne, Lombardye Rome & ytalye-- [The Messenger's Report of Arthur.] By [gh]oure bok_is_ [gh]e may a-spye. 268 Y am [th]eir Eyr & [th]eyre lynage, Y aske [gh]ow my trywage." [Th]is l_ett_re was celyd fast, Y-take the Messagerez on hast; 272 Arthour [gh]af ham [gh]yftez grete, And chered ham wy[th] drynk and Mete. Lucius's [Th]ey hasted ham to come hoom; messengers Byfor [th]e Emp_er_o_ur_ [th]ey be[th] coom; 276 return to him. Saluted hym as resou_n_ ys, And toke hym [th]es letterys. [Th]ey seyde to [th]e Emp_er_our "We have be wy[th] kyng Artho_ur_; 280 But such ano[th]_er_ as he ys oon, Say neuer no Man. He ys s_er_ued on hys howshold Wy[th] kynges, Erles, worthy & bold; 284 Hys worthynesse, sur Emp_er_our, Passe[th] Much_e_ all_e_ [gh]owre; and give him He seyde he wolde hyder come Arthur's message. And take trywage of all_e_ Rome, 288 We dowte[th] last he wel do soo, For he ys Myghty ynow [th]er-too." Now, erst [th]an we goo fer[th]er, Every man [th]at ys here 292 Sey a Pater noster And ave wy[th] gode chere; Ame_n_. Pater noster Ave Maria. Now stureth hym self Artho_ur_ [Fol. 44_b_.] [Th]enkyng on hys labo_ur_, 296 Arthur prepares And gadery[th] to hym strenghth aboute, for his Hys kynges & Erles on a rowte-- expedition A fayr sy[gh]t to Mannes ye to Rome. to see suche a cheualrye,-- 300 [The Number of Arthur's Host.] Has five kings, The kyng of Gotland, Also [th]e kyng of Irland, the kyng of ysland | & of Orkenye, [Th]is was worthy Maynye; 304 The kyng of Denmark also was [th]er_e_, [Th]is was a worthy chere: Eche of [th]ese vyve at her venyw Brou[gh]t zyx [th]ousand at har retenyw; 308 with 30,000men, xxx{ti} [th]owsand, yc_h_ vnderstand, [Th]es vyf kyng_is_ hadde on honde. 80,000 Normans Than hadde he out of Normandye, and Of Angeoy & of Almanye, 312 Boloyne(.) Peytow & flau_n_dres Fowre skore [th]owsand harneys-- 12,000 from Geryn of Chartez .xij. [th]owsand Chartres, [th]at went wy[th] Arto_ur_ euer at honde; 316 10,000 Bretons. Hoel of bretayn, [th]owsandez ten Of hardy & well_e_ fyghtyng Men; Out of Bretaygne hys owne land and 40,000 He passed fourty [th]owsand 320 British: Of Archerys & off Arblastere [Th]_a_t Cow[th] well_e_ [th]e craft of werre. [P] In Foot other Many a Man Moo Able to feyght(:) as well_e_ as [th]o: 324 in all 200,000. Two hunderd [th]ousand Went wy[th] hym out of lond, And Many moo sykerly That y can[4] not nombrye. [4. ? MS. y-tan.] 328 Artho_ur_ toke [th]an [th]e lond Britain is left To Moddredes owne hond; in Mordred's He kept al o[th]er [th]yng charge. Saue [th]o Corowne weryng; 332 But he was [fals] of hys kepynge, As [gh]e schall_e_ hure here folewynge. Arthur ships Now than_ne_ ys Arto_ur_ y-Come at Southampton, And hys Ost to Sowthamptone: 336 [The Giant that Ravished Fair Elayne.] Ther was Many a Man of Myghte Strong & bold also to fyghte. Eche man hath take his schuppynge, And ys at hys loghynge. 340 Vp go[th] [th]e sayl(:) [th]ey sayle[th] faste: Arthour owt of sy[gh]t ys paste. [Th]e ferst lond [th]at he gan Meete, and lands at Forso[th]e hyt was Bareflete; 344 Barfleet. Ther he gan vp furst aryve. Now well_e_ Mote Artho_ur_ spede & thryve; God speed him! And [th]at hys saule spede [th]e better, Lat eche man sey a Pater noster. 348 Pater noster. Now god spede Artour well_e_! A new foe hym ys comyng a nyw batell_e_. appears, a Ther coom a gyant out of spayne, Spanish Giant, And rauasched had fayr Elayne; 352 He had brou[gh]t heor_e_ vp on an hulle-- Mornyng hyt ys to hure or telle-- Cosyn heo was to kyng hoell, A damesel fayr and gentell_e_; 356 And [gh]ut fer[th]_er_more to, who has slain He rauasehed heore Moder also. fair Elayne. He dude [th]e damesel for to dye for he myght not lygge heor bye. 360 Whan [th]is was told to Artour, He maked Much dolour, Arthur sends And send Bedewer for to spye Bedwere first How he myght come hym bye; 364 as a spy, And he was nat sclowh, But to [th]e hulle hym drowh [Th]at Closed was wy[th] wat_er_ stronge, [Th]e hulle a-Mydde gret & longe; 368 He went ouer to [th]e hulle syde, And [th]ere a fonde a wo_m_man_e_ byde [Th]at sorwedd & wept Mornynge [Arthur's Fight with the Giant.] For Eleynes de[th] & dep_ar_tynge, 372 And bad Bedewer to fle also Last he were ded more to; "For yf [th]e Gyant fynde [th]e, W_y_t_h_oute dowte he wyll_e_ [th]e scle." 376 Bedwer wy[th] all_e_ hastynge Tolde Artho_ur_ all_e_ [th]is [th]ynge. Amorwe whan [th]at hyt was day and then (with Arthour toke [th]yder hys way, 380 Bedwere and Key) Bedewer wy[th] hym went, & keye,-- starts on his Men [th]at cow[th]e well_e_ [th]e weye,-- [Fol. 45.] adventure. And broute Artho_ur_ Meyntenau_n_t, Euen byfore [th]e Gyant. 384 Arthour fow[gh]t wy[th] [th]at wyght; He had almost ylost hys Myght: Wy[th] Muche peyne, [th]ru[gh] goddez grace He kills the He sclowh [th]e Geant in [th]at place, 388 Giant, And [th]an he made Bedewere To smyte of hys heed [th]ere. To [th]e Ost he dude hyt brynge, And [th]_er_on was gret wou_n_drynge, 392 whose horrible Hyt was so oryble & so greet, head is shown to More [th]an any Horse heed. the host, Than hadde hoel Ioye ynowh For [th]at Arthour so hym sclowh; 396 And for a p_er_petuel Memorie and St. Mary's He Made a chapell_e_ of seynt Marye Chapel is built In [th]e hulle vpon [th]e pleyne, in honour of the Wy[th]-Inne [th]at (:) [th]e t_um_be* of Eleyne; 400 victory. And [th]at name wy[th]oute nay [* to_m_be] Hyt bere[th] [gh]ut in-to [th]is day. Now ys an ende of [th]is [th]ynge, News of Lucius's And Artour ha[th] nyw tydynge,-- 404 approach is Lucy [th]e Emp_er_our wy[th] hys host brought, Come[th] fast in gret bost; [Th]ey hely[th] ouer all_e_ [th]e lond, [Arthur's Men-- Pray to God.] with an army of Fowre hundred [th]owsand 408 400,124 men. An hunderd and foure & twenty, Thus herawdes dude ham rekeny; Thus he hadde gadered to hym Of cristien and of Sarasyn, 412 Wy[th] all_e_ hys wytt & labour To destroyen Arthour. Arthour dude wyselye, And hadde euer gode aspye 416 Of lucyes gouernynge And of hys [th]yder comynge; Some advise But so_m_me seyde hyt wer_e_ folye Arthur to To fyght a[gh]enst Emp_er_o_ur_ lucie, 420 turn and flee, For he hadde sepe[5] euer_e_ a[gh]enst oon, & cou_n_ceyled Artho_ur_ to fle & goon. Wy[th] [th]e Emp_er_o_ur_ come kynges Many oon, And all_e_ [th]eire power hooll_e_ & soom; 424 Stronger men My[gh]t no man see, As full_e_ of drede as [th]ey myght be; But Arthour was not dysmayd, but he trusts He tryst on god, & was wel payd, 428 in God, And prayd [th]e hye trynyte Euer hys help forto be; And all_e_ hys Men wy[th] oo voyse Cryde to god wy[th] Oo noyse, 432 to whom his "Fader in heuene, [th]y wyll_e_ be doon; soldiers pray Defende [th]y puple fram [th]eire foon, And lat not [th]e he[th]on_e_ Men Destroye [th]e puple crystien: 436 Haue Mercy on [th]y se[r]uantis bonde, to keep them And kepe ham fram [th]e he[th]on_e_ honde; from the [Th]e Muchelnesse of Men sainfayle heathen's hands. Ys nat victorie in Batayle; 440 [The Battle Between Arthur and Lucius.] But after [th]e wyll_e_ [th]_a_t in heuene ys, So [th]e victorie falle[th] y-wys." Arthur's Than seyd Arthour, "hyt ys so: "Forward!" Auau_n_t Baner, & be Goo." 444 Now frendes all_e_, for goddes loue, Rere[th] [gh]owre hertes to god aboue, And seye[th] [gh]owre prayeris faste, [Th]_a_t we well_e_ spede furst & laste. 448 Pater noster. The emp_er_our tryst on hys men, And [th]_a_t h_a_[th] bygyled hym; Forsothe hyt most nedez be so, For [th]ey be[th] cursed [th]at well_e_ hyt do, 452 _Maledict_us_ Such_e_ all_e_ myght come[th] of god; q_ui_ To tryst on hym, y hold hyt good. _con_fid_e_t in Lucye ha[th] pyght his pauelou_n_ ho_m_i_n_e._ And sprad wy[th] pryde his gu_n_fanou_n_; 456 His claryou_n_s blastes full_e_ grete blywe, Archeris schot(:) Men ouer-thrywe; The battle Bowes, arwes, & arblastere begins. Schot sore alle y-vere; 460 Quarels, arwes, [th]ey fly smerte; [Th]e fyched Men [th]ru[gh] heed & herte; Axes, sperys, and gysarmes gret, Clefte Many a prowt Ma_n_nes heed: 464 Hors & steedes gan to grent, And deyde wy[th] strok_is_ [th]_a_t [th]ey hente; Many a man [th]_er_e lost hys lyf, [Fol. 45_b_.] Many on was wedyw [th]_a_t was wyff; 468 Men are wetshod [Th]ere men were wetschoede with brains and All_e_ of Brayn & of blode; blood. Gret rywth_e_ hyt was to seyn [Th]e feltes full_e_ of men y-scleyn; 472 Lucius is Lucy [th]e Emp_er_our also was dede; slain, But ho hym sclowh, y can nat rede; He, for all_e_ hys grete Renou_n_, [Arthur Wins, and Buries the Dead.] not able to A[gh]enst Arthour hadde no fusou_n_, 476 stand against No more [th]an haue twenty schep Arthur. A[gh]enst vyve wolfez greet. To god be euere alle hono_ur_ez! The falde was hys & Arthourez. 480 Arthur sends Arthour, as he scholde done, Lucius's body Sende lucyes body to Rome; to Rome, Whan [th]e Romeynes say [th]is, [Th]o [th]ey dradde Artho_ur_ & hys. 484 buries Bedwere Also he buryed Bedewere and others Hys frend and | hys Botyler, And so he dude other Echon in Abbeys, In Abbeys of Relygyou_n_ 488 [Th]at were cristien of name; He dude to alle [th]e same; And dude for ham Masse synge w_y_t_h_ sole_m_pne song & offrynge, 492 And bood [th]ere for to rest, and stays the Tyll_e_ [th]at wynter was past, winter, Bo[th]e he (.) hys Men echone Seruyd god in deuocione, 496 thanking God [Th]ankyng god of hys My[gh]t [Th]at kepe[th] hys seruau_n_tez ry[gh]t, And suffre[th] noon for to spylle for His honour [Th]_a_t hym loue[th] & tryste wylle: 500 to England. [Th]us worschup god dude certeyn [Of the To Englond, [th]at [th]o was Bretayn; difference [Th]e More Breteyn Englond ys-- between More As men may rede on Cronyclys-- 504 (or Great) By[gh]end [th]e See Bretayne [th]_er_ ys, Britain and [Th]at ha[th] hys name forso[th]e of [th]is, Little Britain.] For [th]e kyng Maxymyan,-- [Th]e next after Octauyan,-- 508 He conquered all_e_ Armoryk, And to [th]e Reme named hyt lyk: _Armorica_. Amorica on latyn me cl[e]ped [th]_a_t lond, [Of the Welsh and Stinking Saxons.] Tyl Maxymyan co[_n_]queryd hyt w_y_t_h_ honde, 512 And called hyt lyte bretayne [th]an, So hy[gh]t [th]is lond [th]at he coom fram; Little Britain For p_er_petuell_e_ Mynde of grete Bretayne is called after He called hyt lyte Bretayne, 516 Great Britain. [Th]at Men schulde kepe in Mynde & wytt How [th]is lond conqueryd hytt; For Walsch_e_ Men be[th] Bretou_n_s of kynde-- Know [th]at well_e_ fast on Mynde-- 520 Englisch_e_ men be[th] Saxoynes, [Th]at be[th] of Engistes Soones; There-fore [th]e walsch man Bretou_n_ Sey[th] & clepe[th] vs "Sayson" * 524 [* [Th]at ys to seye vpon a reess, "Stynking Saxou_n_, be on pees." ] How the Welshmen And sey[th] (.) "taw or (.) peyd Sayson call the English brou_n_t"[8] "stinking Whan he ys wroth (;) or ellys drou_n_ke; Saxons." Hauyng Mynde of Engystis Men [Th]at w_y_t_h_ gyle sclow [th]eyre kyn: 528 At [th]e place of [th]e Stonehenge [Gh]ut [th]ey [th]enke[th] for to venge: And [th]at hyt neuere be so, Sey[th] a Pater noster more to. 532 Pater noster. Arthur is Now turne we to oure labo_ur_ preparing to And lat vs speke of Arthour: cross the He cast on herte sone mountains to After [th]at to go to Rome, 536 Rome, And spak of Passage & hys wey Forth ouer Mou_n_t Ioye. when he hears And sone after vpon an owr of Mordred's He horde of Mordred the treto_ur_ 540 treachery; That hadde all_e_ [th]is loud on warde-- [Of Mordred's Treachery and Arthur's Return.] Euyll_e_ moot such_e_ fare, and harde. Who may best bygyle a man But such_e_ as he tryst vpon? 544 [Th]er ys no man wel nye, y tryste, [Th]at can be waar of hadde wyste.-- Mordred [th]is falss Man Much_e_ sorw [th]o bygan; 548 He stuffed alle castelle Wy[th] armyre & vytelle, And strenghthed hym on eche syde W_y_t_h_ Men of cou_n_treys ferre & wyde: 552 how the traitor He toke [th]e qwene, Arthoure[gh] wyff, had seized the A[gh]enst goddes lawe & gode lyff, queen, his And putte heore to soiourne [th]o (Arthur's) wife, At Euerwyk: god [gh]yf hym wo. 556 and put her at Yhork ys Euerwyk: York. & so me calle[th] hyt. Arthur then comes Artho_ur_ aryved at Whytsond home, W_y_t_h_ gret Myght & strong hond, 560 fights Mordred, And Mordred sainz fayl [Gh]af hym [th]o a strong batayl; Many a man, as y rede, [Th]at day was [th]ere dede; 564 Arthoures nevew Waweyn and Gawain is [Th]at day was [th]ere y-sclayn, slain. And o[th]er kny[gh]tes Many moo: [Th]an Arthour was heuy & woo. 568 Mordred flies Mordred fly toward Londou_n_; to London, He most not come in [th]e tou_n_: [Th]an fled he to wy_n_chester And w_y_t_h_ hys Mayn_e_e kep [?] hym [th]er_e_; 572 And Arthour on gret haste Pursywed after hym faste. Mordred w_y_t_h_oute fayle and then to Fled in-to Cornewayle. 576 Cornwall. The qwene wy[th]oute lesyng [Arthur's Last Battle with Mordred.] Hurde of [th]is tydyng, And how Mordred was flow, And how to Cornewale he hym drow. 580 Heo of Mercy hadde noon hoope, The Queen Ther-for he dude on a Russet cote, turns nun at And to Carlyou_n_ ys preuyly Rou_n_ne, Carlyon. And made heore self [th]o a Nou_n_ne; 584 Fro [th]at place neuer heo wende, But of heore lyf [th]ere made an ende. Gawain Waweynes body, as y reede, And other lordes [th]at weere deede, 588 is buried in Arthour sente in-to skotlonde, Scotland. And buryed ham [th]_er_e, y vnd_er_stonde. Muche folke [th]_er_henne he toke [th]o, Northern men Of Northu_m_ber-lond also 592 and others come Fram dyverse places to Artho_ur_ come to Arthur. Hys wyll_e_ to werk & to done: Thus he sembled a full_e_ gret Ost; To Cornewayle he drawe[th] hym fast 596 After [th]at Mordred [th]e trayto_ur_ [Th]at hadde do hym Much_e_ dyshono_ur_. That treto_ur_ hadde gret strength And fulled [th]_a_t lond on brede & length_e_, 600 He gives Mordred Such_e_ a batell_e_ as [th]ere was redy [th]o battle. Hadde neuer Arthour byfore y-doo: They fow[gh]t tyl [th]er come dou_n_ bloode _Bellu_m_ As a(.) Ryver or (.)a(.) flood; 604 arthuri ap_u_d [Th]ey fow[gh]t euer sorest sadde; Camelerton_um_ Men nyst ho [th]e betere hadde; in Cornubia._ But at [th]e last Certeyn Mordred is slain: Was Mordred & alle hys y-sclayn; 608 Arthur wounded, And Artho_ur_ y-bete wy[th] wou_n_de, and carried to He Myght not stonde on grou_n_de; Avelon, or But on lyter ry[gh]t anon _Auelona .l. Was brow[gh]t to Auelon_e_, 612 insula pomor_um_ [Th]_a_t was a place fayr & Mury; Glastonia._ [Arthur is Buried At Glastonbury.] Glastonbury, Now hyt hoote[th] Glastyngbury. where he dies, Ther Artho_ur_ [th]at worthy kyng Maked hys lyues endyng; 616 But for he skaped [th]_a_t batell_e_ y-wys, Bretou_n_s & Cornysch saye[th] [th]us, "[Th]at he leuyth [gh]ut p_ar_de, And schall_e_ come & be a kyng a[gh]e." 620 At Glastyngbury on [th]e qweer and is buried [Th]ey made Arto_ur_ez tou_m_be [th]ere, A.D. 542. And wrote wyth latyn vers [th]us, Hic iacet Arthurus rex quonda_m_ rex que futur_us_. 624 Thys was [th]us forso[th]e ydone _Anno d_o_m_ini_ [Th]e yheer after [th]e Incarnacione, qu_in_gente_simo_ Vyf hundred (.) fourty & two. _quadragesi_m_o Now saue vs alle fra woo 628 s_e_c_un_do._ Ih_es_u cryst, heuenly kyng, & grau_n_t vs alle hys blessyng; And [th]at hyt Moote so be, Seye[th] alle Pater & Aue. 632 Pater noster. Aue. Ho [th]_a_t woll_e_ more loke, Read the French Reed on [th]e frensch boke, Book for the And he schall_e_ fynde [th]ere rest. [Th]ynges [th]at y leete here. 636 But yf [th]at god wolle grau_n_te gr_a_ce, y schall_e_ rehercy in [th]is place Alle [th]e kyngez [th]at after were, And what names [[th]]at [th]ey bere; 640 And ho [th]_a_t woll_e_ [th]eyre gestes loke, Reed on [th]e Frensch_e_ boke. Amen fiat. [ FOOTNOTES 2. ? MS. perhaps _Angecye_. 3. The _s_ is rubbed: the word may be "onlesbury." 5. _sepe_, ? for _seue_, seven. It is _p_ not _x_ (six) in the MS. But as Arthur had 200,000, and Lucius only 400,124, _sepe_ should mean _two_. 8. Pughe's abridged Dictionary gives _tau_, _v.a._ be still; _taw_, _s.m._ and _adj._ quiet, silence, silent; _paid_, _s.m._ a cessation, quiet; _bront_, _a._ nasty, filthy, surly. _Or_, says Dr. Benj. Davies, you must take as equal to the modern Welsh _wr_, man, if it is not English; _peyd_ is cease, pause; _taw_, be silent. ] WORDS a, he, l. 370. aspye, _sb._ espial, l. 416. ayhe, again, l. 126. beeme, _sb._ ? noise, display, from A.S. _b[e']me_, a trumpet, l. 108. falde, l. 480, felt, l. 472; field. fusoun, gain, victory, l. 476. L. _fusio_, outpouring, plenty. fyched, pierced, l. 462. goom, man, l. 166. gysarme, l. 463. _Hallebarde, pique, hache_. Roquefort. hadde wyste, l. 546, had I known (how it would have turned out). See Nares, and the Poem "Beware of had-I-wyst," that he quotes. "Beware of _had-I-wyst_, whose fine bringes care and smart." hawted, exalted, l. 113. he, she, l. 582. helyth, cover, l. 407. last, lest, l. 289. loghynge, lodging, l. 344. lynage, descendant, l. 269. muchelnesse, _sb._ muchness, number and power, l. 439. mynde, remembrance, l. 527. oo, one, l. 49. sayle, assail, attack, l. 12. scley, slain, l. 212. skyle, _sb._ reason, l. 17. soue[gh] (?), sough, moan, l. 88. that, ye who, l. 1; those who, l. 42, 84. theoband (l. 178), is, I expect, miswritten for theo_d_and; A.S. _[th]eodan_, to join; _ge-[th]eod-an_, to join, associate. therhenne, thence, l. 591. toke, gave, l. 329. venge, have revenge, take vengeance, l. 530. verrament, truly, l. 32. was, whose, l. 248. wood, wild, mad, l. 211. ydoon, done, spent, l. 72. ylete, let, l. 194. ytake, taken to, given to, l. 272. y-vere, together, l. 460. ywyss, certainly, l. 46. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Arthur, Copied And Edited From The Marquis of Bath's MS *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARTHUR *** ***** This file should be named 16845.txt or 16845.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/8/4/16845/ Produced by David Starner, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at https://gutenberg.org/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at https://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit https://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: https://www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.