Affine Transformations — OpenCV 2.4.10.0 documentation

### Navigation

- index
- next |
- previous |
- OpenCV 2.4.10.0 documentation »
- OpenCV Tutorials »
- imgproc module. Image Processing »

# Affine Transformations

## Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

1. Use the OpenCV function warpAffine to implement simple remapping routines.
2. Use the OpenCV function getRotationMatrix2D to obtain a

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`2 \times 3`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
   rotation matrix

## Theory

### What is an Affine Transformation?

1. It is any transformation that can be expressed in the form of a matrix multiplication (linear transformation) followed by a vector addition (translation).

2. From the above, We can use an Affine Transformation to express:

   1. Rotations (linear transformation)
   2. Translations (vector addition)
   3. Scale operations (linear transformation)

   you can see that, in essence, an Affine Transformation represents a relation between two images.

3. The usual way to represent an Affine Transform is by using a

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`2 \times 3`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   matrix.

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`A = \begin{bmatrix} a_{00} & a_{01} \\ a_{10} & a_{11} \end{bmatrix}_{2 \times 2} B = \begin{bmatrix} b_{00} \\ b_{10} \end{bmatrix}_{2 \times 1} M = \begin{bmatrix} A & B \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} a_{00} & a_{01} & b_{00} \\ a_{10} & a_{11} & b_{10} \end{bmatrix}_{2 \times 3}`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   Considering that we want to transform a 2D vector

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`X = \begin{bmatrix}x \\ y\end{bmatrix}`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   by using

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`A`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   and

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   , we can do it equivalently with:

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`T = A \cdot \begin{bmatrix}x \\ y\end{bmatrix} + B`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   or

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`T = M \cdot [x, y, 1]^{T}`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`T = \begin{bmatrix} a_{00}x + a_{01}y + b_{00} \\ a_{10}x + a_{11}y + b_{10} \end{bmatrix}`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

### How do we get an Affine Transformation?

1. Excellent question. We mentioned that an Affine Transformation is basically a relation between two images. The information about this relation can come, roughly, in two ways:

   1. We know both

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`X`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
      and T and we also know that they are related. Then our job is to find

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`M`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
   2. We know

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`M`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
      and

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`X`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
      . To obtain

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`T`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
      we only need to apply

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`T = M \cdot X`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
      . Our information for

      System Message: WARNING/2 (`M`)

      latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.
      may be explicit (i.e. have the 2-by-3 matrix) or it can come as a geometric relation between points.

2. Let’s explain a little bit better (b). Since

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`M`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   relates 02 images, we can analyze the simplest case in which it relates three points in both images. Look at the figure below:

   the points 1, 2 and 3 (forming a triangle in image 1) are mapped into image 2, still forming a triangle, but now they have changed notoriously. If we find the Affine Transformation with these 3 points (you can choose them as you like), then we can apply this found relation to the whole pixels in the image.

## Code

1. What does this program do?
   - Loads an image
   - Applies an Affine Transform to the image. This Transform is obtained from the relation between three points. We use the function warpAffine for that purpose.
   - Applies a Rotation to the image after being transformed. This rotation is with respect to the image center
   - Waits until the user exits the program
2. The tutorial code’s is shown lines below. You can also download it from here

    #include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
    #include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
    #include <iostream>
    #include <stdio.h>

    using namespace cv;
    using namespace std;

    /// Global variables
    char* source_window = "Source image";
    char* warp_window = "Warp";
    char* warp_rotate_window = "Warp + Rotate";

    /** @function main */
     int main( int argc, char** argv )
     {
       Point2f srcTri[3];
       Point2f dstTri[3];

       Mat rot_mat( 2, 3, CV_32FC1 );
       Mat warp_mat( 2, 3, CV_32FC1 );
       Mat src, warp_dst, warp_rotate_dst;

       /// Load the image
       src = imread( argv[1], 1 );

       /// Set the dst image the same type and size as src
       warp_dst = Mat::zeros( src.rows, src.cols, src.type() );

       /// Set your 3 points to calculate the  Affine Transform
       srcTri[0] = Point2f( 0,0 );
       srcTri[1] = Point2f( src.cols - 1, 0 );
       srcTri[2] = Point2f( 0, src.rows - 1 );

       dstTri[0] = Point2f( src.cols*0.0, src.rows*0.33 );
       dstTri[1] = Point2f( src.cols*0.85, src.rows*0.25 );
       dstTri[2] = Point2f( src.cols*0.15, src.rows*0.7 );

       /// Get the Affine Transform
       warp_mat = getAffineTransform( srcTri, dstTri );

       /// Apply the Affine Transform just found to the src image
       warpAffine( src, warp_dst, warp_mat, warp_dst.size() );

       /** Rotating the image after Warp */

       /// Compute a rotation matrix with respect to the center of the image
       Point center = Point( warp_dst.cols/2, warp_dst.rows/2 );
       double angle = -50.0;
       double scale = 0.6;

       /// Get the rotation matrix with the specifications above
       rot_mat = getRotationMatrix2D( center, angle, scale );

       /// Rotate the warped image
       warpAffine( warp_dst, warp_rotate_dst, rot_mat, warp_dst.size() );

       /// Show what you got
       namedWindow( source_window, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
       imshow( source_window, src );

       namedWindow( warp_window, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
       imshow( warp_window, warp_dst );

       namedWindow( warp_rotate_window, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
       imshow( warp_rotate_window, warp_rotate_dst );

       /// Wait until user exits the program
       waitKey(0);

       return 0;
      }

## Explanation

1. Declare some variables we will use, such as the matrices to store our results and 2 arrays of points to store the 2D points that define our Affine Transform.

       Point2f srcTri[3];
       Point2f dstTri[3];

       Mat rot_mat( 2, 3, CV_32FC1 );
       Mat warp_mat( 2, 3, CV_32FC1 );
       Mat src, warp_dst, warp_rotate_dst;

2. Load an image:

       src = imread( argv[1], 1 );

3. Initialize the destination image as having the same size and type as the source:

       warp_dst = Mat::zeros( src.rows, src.cols, src.type() );

4. Affine Transform: As we explained lines above, we need two sets of 3 points to derive the affine transform relation. Take a look:

       srcTri[0] = Point2f( 0,0 );
       srcTri[1] = Point2f( src.cols - 1, 0 );
       srcTri[2] = Point2f( 0, src.rows - 1 );

       dstTri[0] = Point2f( src.cols*0.0, src.rows*0.33 );
       dstTri[1] = Point2f( src.cols*0.85, src.rows*0.25 );
       dstTri[2] = Point2f( src.cols*0.15, src.rows*0.7 );

   You may want to draw the points to make a better idea of how they change. Their locations are approximately the same as the ones depicted in the example figure (in the Theory section). You may note that the size and orientation of the triangle defined by the 3 points change.

5. Armed with both sets of points, we calculate the Affine Transform by using OpenCV function getAffineTransform:

       warp_mat = getAffineTransform( srcTri, dstTri );

   We get as an output a

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`2 \times 3`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   matrix (in this case warp_mat)

6. We apply the Affine Transform just found to the src image

       warpAffine( src, warp_dst, warp_mat, warp_dst.size() );

   with the following arguments:

   - src: Input image
   - warp_dst: Output image
   - warp_mat: Affine transform
   - warp_dst.size(): The desired size of the output image

   We just got our first transformed image! We will display it in one bit. Before that, we also want to rotate it...

7. Rotate: To rotate an image, we need to know two things:

   1. The center with respect to which the image will rotate
   2. The angle to be rotated. In OpenCV a positive angle is counter-clockwise
   3. Optional: A scale factor

   We define these parameters with the following snippet:

       Point center = Point( warp_dst.cols/2, warp_dst.rows/2 );
       double angle = -50.0;
       double scale = 0.6;

8. We generate the rotation matrix with the OpenCV function getRotationMatrix2D, which returns a

   System Message: WARNING/2 (`2 \times 3`)

   latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

   matrix (in this case rot_mat)

       rot_mat = getRotationMatrix2D( center, angle, scale );

9. We now apply the found rotation to the output of our previous Transformation.

       warpAffine( warp_dst, warp_rotate_dst, rot_mat, warp_dst.size() );

10. Finally, we display our results in two windows plus the original image for good measure:

        namedWindow( source_window, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
        imshow( source_window, src );

        namedWindow( warp_window, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
        imshow( warp_window, warp_dst );

        namedWindow( warp_rotate_window, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
        imshow( warp_rotate_window, warp_rotate_dst );

11. We just have to wait until the user exits the program

        waitKey(0);

## Result

1. After compiling the code above, we can give it the path of an image as argument. For instance, for a picture like:

   after applying the first Affine Transform we obtain:

   and finally, after applying a negative rotation (remember negative means clockwise) and a scale factor, we get:

## Help and Feedback

You did not find what you were looking for?

- Ask a question on the Q&A forum.
- If you think something is missing or wrong in the documentation, please file a bug report.

### Navigation

- index
- next |
- previous |
- OpenCV 2.4.10.0 documentation »
- OpenCV Tutorials »
- imgproc module. Image Processing »