Eroding and Dilating — OpenCV 2.4.10.0 documentation

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# Eroding and Dilating

## Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

- Apply two very common morphology operators: Dilation and Erosion. For this purpose, you will use the following OpenCV functions:
  - erode
  - dilate

## Cool Theory

Note

The explanation below belongs to the book Learning OpenCV by Bradski and Kaehler.

### Morphological Operations

- In short: A set of operations that process images based on shapes. Morphological operations apply a structuring element to an input image and generate an output image.

- The most basic morphological operations are two: Erosion and Dilation. They have a wide array of uses, i.e. :

  - Removing noise
  - Isolation of individual elements and joining disparate elements in an image.
  - Finding of intensity bumps or holes in an image

- We will explain dilation and erosion briefly, using the following image as an example:

#### Dilation

- This operations consists of convoluting an image

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`A`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  with some kernel (

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  ), which can have any shape or size, usually a square or circle.

- The kernel

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  has a defined anchor point, usually being the center of the kernel.

- As the kernel

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  is scanned over the image, we compute the maximal pixel value overlapped by

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  and replace the image pixel in the anchor point position with that maximal value. As you can deduce, this maximizing operation causes bright regions within an image to “grow” (therefore the name dilation). Take as an example the image above. Applying dilation we can get:

The background (bright) dilates around the black regions of the letter.

#### Erosion

- This operation is the sister of dilation. What this does is to compute a local minimum over the area of the kernel.

- As the kernel

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  is scanned over the image, we compute the minimal pixel value overlapped by

  System Message: WARNING/2 (`B`)

  latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

  and replace the image pixel under the anchor point with that minimal value.

- Analagously to the example for dilation, we can apply the erosion operator to the original image (shown above). You can see in the result below that the bright areas of the image (the background, apparently), get thinner, whereas the dark zones (the “writing”( gets bigger.

## Code

This tutorial code’s is shown lines below. You can also download it from here

    #include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"
    #include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
    #include "highgui.h"
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>

    using namespace cv;

    /// Global variables
    Mat src, erosion_dst, dilation_dst;

    int erosion_elem = 0;
    int erosion_size = 0;
    int dilation_elem = 0;
    int dilation_size = 0;
    int const max_elem = 2;
    int const max_kernel_size = 21;

    /** Function Headers */
    void Erosion( int, void* );
    void Dilation( int, void* );

    /** @function main */
    int main( int argc, char** argv )
    {
      /// Load an image
      src = imread( argv[1] );

      if( !src.data )
      { return -1; }

      /// Create windows
      namedWindow( "Erosion Demo", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
      namedWindow( "Dilation Demo", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE );
      cvMoveWindow( "Dilation Demo", src.cols, 0 );

      /// Create Erosion Trackbar
      createTrackbar( "Element:\n 0: Rect \n 1: Cross \n 2: Ellipse", "Erosion Demo",
                      &erosion_elem, max_elem,
                      Erosion );

      createTrackbar( "Kernel size:\n 2n +1", "Erosion Demo",
                      &erosion_size, max_kernel_size,
                      Erosion );

      /// Create Dilation Trackbar
      createTrackbar( "Element:\n 0: Rect \n 1: Cross \n 2: Ellipse", "Dilation Demo",
                      &dilation_elem, max_elem,
                      Dilation );

      createTrackbar( "Kernel size:\n 2n +1", "Dilation Demo",
                      &dilation_size, max_kernel_size,
                      Dilation );

      /// Default start
      Erosion( 0, 0 );
      Dilation( 0, 0 );

      waitKey(0);
      return 0;
    }

    /**  @function Erosion  */
    void Erosion( int, void* )
    {
      int erosion_type;
      if( erosion_elem == 0 ){ erosion_type = MORPH_RECT; }
      else if( erosion_elem == 1 ){ erosion_type = MORPH_CROSS; }
      else if( erosion_elem == 2) { erosion_type = MORPH_ELLIPSE; }

      Mat element = getStructuringElement( erosion_type,
                                           Size( 2*erosion_size + 1, 2*erosion_size+1 ),
                                           Point( erosion_size, erosion_size ) );

      /// Apply the erosion operation
      erode( src, erosion_dst, element );
      imshow( "Erosion Demo", erosion_dst );
    }

    /** @function Dilation */
    void Dilation( int, void* )
    {
      int dilation_type;
      if( dilation_elem == 0 ){ dilation_type = MORPH_RECT; }
      else if( dilation_elem == 1 ){ dilation_type = MORPH_CROSS; }
      else if( dilation_elem == 2) { dilation_type = MORPH_ELLIPSE; }

      Mat element = getStructuringElement( dilation_type,
                                           Size( 2*dilation_size + 1, 2*dilation_size+1 ),
                                           Point( dilation_size, dilation_size ) );
      /// Apply the dilation operation
      dilate( src, dilation_dst, element );
      imshow( "Dilation Demo", dilation_dst );
    }

## Explanation

1. Most of the stuff shown is known by you (if you have any doubt, please refer to the tutorials in previous sections). Let’s check the general structure of the program:

   - Load an image (can be RGB or grayscale)
   - Create two windows (one for dilation output, the other for erosion)
   - Create a set of 02 Trackbars for each operation:
     - The first trackbar “Element” returns either erosion_elem or dilation_elem
     - The second trackbar “Kernel size” return erosion_size or dilation_size for the corresponding operation.
   - Every time we move any slider, the user’s function Erosion or Dilation will be called and it will update the output image based on the current trackbar values.

   Let’s analyze these two functions:

2. erosion:

       /**  @function Erosion  */
       void Erosion( int, void* )
       {
         int erosion_type;
         if( erosion_elem == 0 ){ erosion_type = MORPH_RECT; }
         else if( erosion_elem == 1 ){ erosion_type = MORPH_CROSS; }
         else if( erosion_elem == 2) { erosion_type = MORPH_ELLIPSE; }

         Mat element = getStructuringElement( erosion_type,
                                              Size( 2*erosion_size + 1, 2*erosion_size+1 ),
                                              Point( erosion_size, erosion_size ) );
         /// Apply the erosion operation
         erode( src, erosion_dst, element );
         imshow( "Erosion Demo", erosion_dst );
       }

   - The function that performs the erosion operation is erode. As we can see, it receives three arguments:

     - src: The source image

     - erosion_dst: The output image

     - element: This is the kernel we will use to perform the operation. If we do not specify, the default is a simple

       System Message: WARNING/2 (`3x3`)

       latex exited with error [stdout] This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.15 (TeX Live 2014-OpenBSD_Ports) (preloaded format=latex) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./math.tex LaTeX2e <2014/05/01> Babel <3.9k> and hyphenation patterns for 78 languages loaded. (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2007/10/19 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/inputenc.sty ! LaTeX Error: File `utf8x.def’ not found. Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, or enter new name. (Default extension: def) Enter file name: ! Emergency stop. <read *> l.165 \endinput ^^M No pages of output. Transcript written on math.log.

       matrix. Otherwise, we can specify its shape. For this, we need to use the function getStructuringElement:

       >     Mat element = getStructuringElement( erosion_type,
       >                                          Size( 2*erosion_size + 1, 2*erosion_size+1 ),
       >                                          Point( erosion_size, erosion_size ) );

       We can choose any of three shapes for our kernel:

       - Rectangular box: MORPH_RECT
       - Cross: MORPH_CROSS
       - Ellipse: MORPH_ELLIPSE

       Then, we just have to specify the size of our kernel and the anchor point. If not specified, it is assumed to be in the center.

   - That is all. We are ready to perform the erosion of our image.

   Note

   Additionally, there is another parameter that allows you to perform multiple erosions (iterations) at once. We are not using it in this simple tutorial, though. You can check out the Reference for more details.

3. dilation:

The code is below. As you can see, it is completely similar to the snippet of code for erosion. Here we also have the option of defining our kernel, its anchor point and the size of the operator to be used.

    /** @function Dilation */
    void Dilation( int, void* )
    {
      int dilation_type;
      if( dilation_elem == 0 ){ dilation_type = MORPH_RECT; }
      else if( dilation_elem == 1 ){ dilation_type = MORPH_CROSS; }
      else if( dilation_elem == 2) { dilation_type = MORPH_ELLIPSE; }

      Mat element = getStructuringElement( dilation_type,
                                           Size( 2*dilation_size + 1, 2*dilation_size+1 ),
                                           Point( dilation_size, dilation_size ) );
      /// Apply the dilation operation
      dilate( src, dilation_dst, element );
      imshow( "Dilation Demo", dilation_dst );
    }

## Results

- Compile the code above and execute it with an image as argument. For instance, using this image:

  We get the results below. Varying the indices in the Trackbars give different output images, naturally. Try them out! You can even try to add a third Trackbar to control the number of iterations.

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### Navigation

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- next |
- previous |
- OpenCV 2.4.10.0 documentation »
- OpenCV Tutorials »
- imgproc module. Image Processing »