   This is the _GNU Zile_ manual.

   GNU Zile is small Emacs clone.  Zile is a customizable,
self-documenting real-time display editor.  Zile was written to be as
similar as possible to Emacs; every Emacs user should feel at home with
Zile.

   Zile's home page at `http://www.gnu.org/software/zile/'.

1 Overview
**********

GNU Zile is written entirely in _ISO C89_. It should run on any POSIX
system.

   Zile should really appear like Emacs, but a lot of good ideas were
also taken from other editors; in particular, ce for the internal
structure.

2 Features
**********

   - Small but fast and powerful.  It is useful for small footprint
     installations (e.g. on floppy disk) and small computers.

   - 8-bit clean.  Zile can operate with binary files.

   - Looks like _Emacs_.  Key sequences and function names are
     identical to Emacs.

   - Multi buffer editing with multi level undo.  Zile can open as many
     files and restore as many undo operations as memory allows.

   - Multi window.  Zile can display multiple windows on the screen.

   - Killing, yanking and registers.  The killing, yanking and register
     features of Emacs are available in Zile.

   - Minibuffer completion.  This works for `M-x' commands, file,
     buffer and variable names.

   - Auto fill (word wrap).  Zile automatically breaks the lines when
     they become too wide (if Auto Fill Mode is enabled).

   - Auto line ending detection.  When a file is loaded, its line
     ending is detected automatically as either LF, CR or CRLF.  Files
     with mixed line endings will be displayed as if they had LF line
     endings.  If a CR line ending is detected, "(Mac)" is shown in the
     modeline, and for CRLF, "(DOS)".

3 Invoking Zile
***************

The options are as follows:

`FILE'
     Edit file `FILE'.

`+NUMBER'
     Go to line `NUMBER' in the next file opened.

`--batch'
     Do not do interactive display; implies `-q'.

`--help'
     Display a help message and exit.

`-f, --funcall FUNC'
     Call Zile function `FUNC' with no arguments.

`--no-init-file, -q'
     Do not load an init file.

`--version'
     Display version information and exit.

   Zile returns 0 on successful termination, 1 if it cannot start up,
for example because of an invalid command-line argument, and 2 if it
crashes or runs out of memory.

4 Initialization file
*********************

When Zile is started, it normally loads the `.zile' file in your home
directory.  We call this file your "initialization file" because it
specifies how to initialize Zile for you.  You can use the command line
switch `-q' to tell Zile not to load the initialization file.

4.1 File syntax
===============

The initialization file is written in Zile Lisp.  Zile Lisp is a tiny
subset of Emacs Lisp that consists of the Zile commands plus `setq'.
See the next subsection for a sample initialization file.

4.2 A sample file
=================

This is an initialization file that shows the default variable settings.
You can use it as a model for your own init file.

     ; .zile sample configuration

     ; Do not display the splash screen at startup [default: nil]
     (setq inhibit-splash-screen nil)

     ; The default tabulation width [default: 8]
     (setq tab-width 8)

     ; Always indent [default: t]
     ; Controls the operation of the TAB key.
     ; If t, hitting TAB always just indents the current line.
     ; If nil, hitting TAB indents the current line if point is at the
     ; left margin or in the line's indentation, otherwise it inserts a
     ; "real" TAB character.
     (setq tab-always-indent t)

     ; Insert real tabs [default: nil]
     ; If non-nil, insert-tab inserts `real' tabs; otherwise, it always
     ; inserts spaces.
     (setq indent-tabs-mode nil)

     ; The default fill column (in Auto Fill Mode) [default: 72]
     (setq fill-column 72)

     ; Enable Auto Fill Mode [default: nil]
     (setq auto-fill-mode nil)

     ; Kill whole line regardless of cursor position [default: nil]
     (setq kill-whole-line nil)

     ; Ignore case when searching [default: t]
     (setq case-fold-search t)

     ; Match case when replacing [default: t]
     (setq case-replace t)

     ; Enable bell [default: t]
     ; Non-nil means ring the terminal bell on any error.
     (setq ring-bell t)

     ; Standard indentation level [default: 4]
     ; Default number of columns for margin-changing functions to indent.
     (setq standard-indent 4)

     ; If non-nil, deactivates the mark when the buffer contents change.
     ; Also enables highlighting of the region whenever the mark is active.
     ; The variable `highlight-nonselected-windows' controls whether to
     ; highlight all windows or just the selected window. [default: t]
     (setq transient-mark-mode t)

     ; If non-nil, highlight region even in nonselected windows.
     ; [default: nil]
     (setq highlight-nonselected-windows nil)

     ; Specify whether backups are made [default: t]
     ; Non-nil means make a backup of a file the first time it is saved.
     ; This is done by appending `~' to the file name.
     (setq make-backup-files t)

     ; Specify target backup directory [default: nil]
     ; The directory for backup files, which must exist.
     ; If this variable is nil, the backup is made in the original file's
     ; directory.
     ; This value is used only when `make-backup-files' is `t'.
     (setq backup-directory nil)

     ; Rebind keys
     ; (global-set-key "key" 'func)

     ; Better bindings for when backspace generates C-h
     ;(global-set-key "\BACKSPACE"  'backward-delete-char)
     ;(global-set-key "\C-h"        'backward-delete-char)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-:"        'mark-paragraph)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hb"       'list-bindings)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hd"       'describe-function)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hf"       'describe-function)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hF"       'view-zile-FAQ)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hk"       'describe-key)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hlr"      'list-registers)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hs"       'help-config-sample)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-ht"       'help-with-tutorial)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hw"       'where-is)
     ;(global-set-key "\M-hv"       'describe-variable)

5 Getting help
**************

This table contains the commands that can be used during an editing
session to get help.

`C-h C-f, <f1> C-f'
     Show the Frequently Asked Questions about Zile.

`C-h f, <f1> f'
     Describe a function.

`C-h h, <f1> h, <f1> <f1>'
     Show this manual.

`C-h k, <f1> k'
     Describe a key sequence.

`C-h b, <f1> b'
     Show the defined bindings.

`C-h t, <f1> t'
     Show a tutorial window.

`C-h v, <f1> v'
     Describe a variable.

`C-h w, <f1> w'
     Show the key or keys to which a command is bound.

6 Key names
***********

This table contains the names of the keys that are used in Zile.

<SPC>
     Space

<RET>
     Return

<TAB>
     Tab

<BACKSPACE>
     Backspace

<ESC>
     Escape

<DELETE>
     Delete

<CTRL>
     Control

<META>
     Meta (also known as <EDIT> or <ALT> on some keyboards).

<PRIOR>
     PgUp (page up) (also called <PAGEUP>).

<NEXT>
     PgDn (page down) (also called <PAGEDOWN>).

   In key combinations, like `M-g', the `M-' prefix means hold the
<META> (or <EDIT> or <ALT>) key down while typing `g'.  The combination
`C-x' means hold the <CTRL> key down while typing `x'.

7 Functions
***********

This table contains the full list of available functions, that can be
called with the `M-x' key (most functions also have a key binding).

`auto-fill-mode'
     Toggle Auto Fill Mode.  In Auto Fill Mode, inserting a space at a
     column beyond `fill-column' automatically breaks the line at a
     previous space.

`back-to-indentation'
     Move point to the first non-whitespace character on this line.

`backward-char'
     Move point left one character.  On attempt to pass beginning or
     end of buffer, stop and signal error.

`backward-delete-char'
     Delete the previous character.  Join lines if the character is a
     newline.

`backward-kill-word'
     Kill characters backward until encountering the end of a word.
     With argument, do this that many times.

`backward-paragraph'
     Move backward to start of paragraph.  With argument N, do it N
     times.

`backward-sexp'
     Move backward across one balanced expression (sexp).  With
     argument, do it that many times.  Negative arg -N means move
     forward across N balanced expressions.

`backward-word'
     Move backward until encountering the end of a word (forward if the
     argument is negative).  With argument, do this that many times.

`beginning-of-buffer'
     Move point to the beginning of the buffer; leave mark at previous
     position.

`beginning-of-line'
     Move point to beginning of current line.

`call-last-kbd-macro'
     Call the last keyboard macro that you defined with `C-x ('.  A
     prefix argument serves as a repeat count.

`capitalize-word'
     Capitalize the following word (or argument N words), moving over.
     This gives the word(s) a first character in upper case and the rest
     lower case.

`cd'
     Make the user specified directory become the current buffer's
     default directory.

`copy-region-as-kill'
     Save the region as if killed, but don't kill it.

`copy-to-register'
     Copy region into the user specified register.

`delete-blank-lines'
     On blank line, delete all surrounding blank lines, leaving just
     one.  On isolated blank line, delete that one.  On non-blank line,
     delete any immediately following blank lines.

`delete-char'
     Delete the following character.  Join lines if the character is a
     newline.

`delete-horizontal-space'
     Delete all spaces and tabs around point.

`delete-other-windows'
     Make the selected window fill the screen.

`delete-region'
     Delete the text between point and mark.

`delete-window'
     Remove the current window from the screen.

`describe-bindings'
     Show a list of all defined keys, and their definitions.

`describe-function'
     Display the full documentation of a function.

`describe-key'
     Display documentation of the function invoked by a key sequence.

`describe-variable'
     Display the full documentation of a variable.

`downcase-region'
     Convert the region to lower case.

`downcase-word'
     Convert following word (or argument N words) to lower case, moving
     over.

`end-kbd-macro'
     Finish defining a keyboard macro.  The definition was started by
     `C-x ('.  The macro is now available for use via `C-x e'.

`end-of-buffer'
     Move point to the end of the buffer; leave mark at previous
     position.

`end-of-line'
     Move point to end of current line.

`enlarge-window'
     Make current window one line bigger.

`exchange-point-and-mark'
     Put the mark where point is now, and point where the mark is now.

`execute-extended-command'
     Read function name, then read its arguments and call it.

`fill-paragraph'
     Fill paragraph at or after point.

`find-alternate-file'
     Find the file specified by the user, select its buffer, kill
     previous buffer.  If the current buffer now contains an empty file
     that you just visited (presumably by mistake), use this command to
     visit the file you really want.

`find-file'
     Edit the specified file.  Switch to a buffer visiting the file,
     creating one if none already exists.

`find-file-read-only'
     Edit the specified file but don't allow changes.  Like `find-file'
     but marks buffer as read-only.  Use M-x toggle-read-only to permit
     editing.

`forward-char'
     Move point right one character.  On reaching end of buffer, stop
     and signal error.

`forward-line'
     Move N lines forward (backward if N is negative).  Precisely, if
     point is on line I, move to the start of line I + N.

`forward-paragraph'
     Move forward to end of paragraph.  With argument N, do it N times.

`forward-sexp'
     Move forward across one balanced expression (sexp).  With
     argument, do it that many times.  Negative arg -N means move
     backward across N balanced expressions.

`forward-word'
     Move point forward one word (backward if the argument is negative).
     With argument, do this that many times.

`global-set-key'
     Bind a command to a key sequence.  Read key sequence and function
     name, and bind the function to the key sequence.

`goto-char'
     Read a number N and move the cursor to character number N.
     Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer.

`goto-line'
     Move cursor to the beginning of the specified line.  Line 1 is the
     beginning of the buffer.

`help'
     Show a help window.

`help-with-tutorial'
     Show a tutorial.

`indent-for-tab-command'
     Indent line or insert a tab.  Depending on tab-always-indent,
     either insert a tab or indent.  If initial point was within line's
     indentation, position after the indentation.  Else stay at same
     point in text.

`indent-relative'
     Space out to under next indent point in previous nonblank line.
     An indent point is a non-whitespace character following whitespace.
     If the previous nonblank line has no indent points beyond the
     column point starts at, tab-to-tab-stop is done instead, unless
     this command is invoked with a numeric argument, in which case it
     does nothing.

`insert-buffer'
     Insert after point the contents of the user specified buffer.
     Puts mark after the inserted text.

`insert-file'
     Insert contents of the user specified file into buffer after point.
     Set mark after the inserted text.

`insert-register'
     Insert contents of the user specified register.  Puts point before
     and mark after the inserted text.

`isearch-backward'
     Do incremental search backward.  With a prefix argument, do a
     regular expression search instead.  As you type characters, they
     add to the search string and are found.  Type return to exit,
     leaving point at location found.  Type `C-r' to search again
     backward, `C-s' to search again forward.  `C-g' when search is
     successful aborts and moves point to starting point.

`isearch-backward-regexp'
     Do incremental search forward for regular expression.  With a
     prefix argument, do a regular string search instead.  Like
     ordinary incremental search except that your input is treated as a
     regexp.  See `C-s' for more info.

`isearch-forward'
     Do incremental search forward.  With a prefix argument, do an
     incremental regular expression search instead.  As you type
     characters, they add to the search string and are found.  Type
     return to exit, leaving point at location found.  Type `C-s' to
     search again forward, `C-r' to search again backward.  `C-g' when
     search is successful aborts and moves point to starting point.

`isearch-forward-regexp'
     Do incremental search forward for regular expression.  With a
     prefix argument, do a regular string search instead.  Like
     ordinary incremental search except that your input is treated as a
     regexp.  See `C-s' for more info.

`just-one-space'
     Delete all spaces and tabs around point, leaving one space.

`keyboard-quit'
     Cancel current command.

`kill-buffer'
     Kill the current buffer or the user specified one.

`kill-line'
     Kill the rest of the current line; if no non-blanks there, kill
     thru newline.

`kill-region'
     Kill between point and mark.  The text is deleted but saved in the
     kill ring.  The command `C-y' (yank) can retrieve it from there.

     If the buffer is read-only, Zile will beep and refrain from
     deleting the text, but put the text in the kill ring anyway.  This
     means that you can use the killing commands to copy text from a
     read-only buffer.

     If the previous command was also a kill command, the text killed
     this time appends to the text killed last time to make one entry
     in the kill ring.

`kill-sexp'
     Kill the sexp (balanced expression) following the cursor.  With
     ARG, kill that many sexps after the cursor.  Negative arg -N means
     kill N sexps before the cursor.

`kill-word'
     Kill characters forward until encountering the end of a word.
     With argument, do this that many times.

`list-buffers'
     Display a list of names of existing buffers.  The list is
     displayed in a buffer named `*Buffer List*'.  Note that buffers
     with names starting with spaces are omitted.

        - The `M' column contains a `*' for buffers that are modified.

        - The `R' column contains a `%' for buffers that are read-only.

`list-registers'
     List defined registers.

`mark-paragraph'
     Put point at beginning of this paragraph, mark at end.  The
     paragraph marked is the one that contains point or follows point.

`mark-sexp'
     Set mark argument sexps from point.  The place mark goes is the
     same place `C-M-f' would move to with the same argument.

`mark-whole-buffer'
     Put point at beginning and mark at end of buffer.

`mark-word'
     Set mark argument words away from point.

`name-last-kbd-macro'
     Assign a name to the last keyboard macro defined.  Argument SYMBOL
     is the name to define.  The symbol's function definition becomes
     the keyboard macro string.  Such a "function" cannot be called
     from Lisp, but it is a valid editor command.

`newline'
     Insert a newline at the current point position into the current
     buffer.

`newline-and-indent'
     Insert a newline, then indent.  Indentation is done using the
     indent-for-tab-command function.

`next-line'
     Move cursor vertically down one line.  If there is no character in
     the target line exactly in the current column, the cursor is
     positioned after the character in that line which spans this
     column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough.

`open-line'
     Insert a newline and leave point before it.

`other-window'
     Select the first different window on the screen.  All windows are
     arranged in a cyclic order.  This command selects the window one
     step away in that order.

`overwrite-mode'
     In Overwrite Mode, printing characters typed in replace existing
     text on a one-for-one basis, rather than pushing it to the right.
     At the end of a line, such characters extend the line.  `C-q'
     still inserts characters in Overwrite Mode; this is supposed to
     make it easier to insert characters when necessary.

`previous-line'
     Move cursor vertically up one line.  If there is no character in
     the target line exactly over the current column, the cursor is
     positioned after the character in that line which spans this
     column, or at the end of the line if it is not long enough.

`query-replace'
     Replace occurrences of a string with other text.  As each match is
     found, the user must type a character saying what to do with it.

`quoted-insert'
     Read next input character and insert it.  This is useful for
     inserting control characters.  You may also type up to 3 octal
     digits, to insert a character with that code.

`recenter'
     Center point in window and redisplay screen.  The desired position
     of point is always relative to the current window.

`replace-string'
     Replace occurrences of a string with other text.

`save-buffer'
     Save current buffer in visited file if modified.  By default,
     makes the previous version into a backup file if this is the first
     save.

`save-buffers-kill-zile'
     Offer to save each buffer, then kill this Zile process.

`save-some-buffers'
     Save some modified file-visiting buffers.  Asks user about each
     one.

`scroll-down'
     Scroll text of current window downward near full screen.

`scroll-up'
     Scroll text of current window upward near full screen.

`search-backward'
     Search backward from point for the user specified text.

`search-backward-regexp'
     Search backward from point for match for regular expression REGEXP.

`search-forward'
     Search forward from point for the user specified text.

`search-forward-regexp'
     Search forward from point for regular expression REGEXP.

`self-insert-command'
     Insert the character you type.

`set-fill-column'
     Set the fill column.  If an argument value is passed, set the
     `fill-column' variable with that value, otherwise with the current
     column value.

`set-mark-command'
     Set mark at where point is.

`set-variable'
     Set a variable value to the user specified value.

`shell-command'
     Reads a line of text using the minibuffer and creates an inferior
     shell to execute the line as a command.

     Standard input from the command comes from the null device.  If the
     shell command produces any output, the output goes to a Zile buffer
     named `*Shell Command Output*', which is displayed in another
     window but not selected.

     If the output is one line, it is displayed in the echo area.  A
     numeric argument, as in `M-1 M-!' or `C-u M-!', directs this
     command to insert any output into the current buffer.

`shell-command-on-region'
     Reads a line of text using the minibuffer and creates an inferior
     shell to execute the line as a command; passes the contents of the
     region as input to the shell command.

     If the shell command produces any output, the output goes to a
     Zile buffer named `*Shell Command Output*', which is displayed in
     another window but not selected.

     If the output is one line, it is displayed in the echo area.  A
     numeric argument, as in `M-1 M-|' or `C-u M-|', directs output to
     the current buffer, then the old region is deleted first and the
     output replaces it as the contents of the region.

`shrink-window'
     Make current window one line smaller.

`split-window'
     Split current window into two windows, one above the other.  Both
     windows display the same buffer now current.

`start-kbd-macro'
     Record subsequent keyboard input, defining a keyboard macro.  The
     commands are recorded even as they are executed.  Use `C-x )' to
     finish recording and make the macro available.

`suspend-zile'
     Stop Zile and return to superior process.

`switch-to-buffer'
     Select to the user specified buffer in the current window.

`tab-to-tab-stop'
     Insert a tabulation at the current point position into the current
     buffer.

`tabify'
     Convert multiple spaces in region to tabs when possible.  A group
     of spaces is partially replaced by tabs when this can be done
     without changing the column they end at.  The variable `tab-width'
     controls the spacing of tab stops.

`toggle-read-only'
     Change whether this buffer is visiting its file read-only.

`transient-mark-mode'
     Toggle Transient Mark mode.  With arg, turn Transient Mark mode on
     if arg is positive, off otherwise.

`transpose-chars'
     Interchange characters around point, moving forward one character.
     If at end of line, the previous two chars are exchanged.

`transpose-lines'
     Exchange current line and previous line, leaving point after both.
     With argument ARG, takes previous line and moves it past ARG lines.
     With argument 0, interchanges line point is in with line mark is
     in.

`transpose-sexps'
     Like `M-t' but applies to sexps.

`transpose-words'
     Interchange words around point, leaving point at end of them.

`undo'
     Undo some previous changes.  Repeat this command to undo more
     changes.

`universal-argument'
     Begin a numeric argument for the following command.  Digits or
     minus sign following `C-u' make up the numeric argument.  `C-u'
     following the digits or minus sign ends the argument.  `C-u'
     without digits or minus sign provides 4 as argument.  Repeating
     `C-u' without digits or minus sign multiplies the argument by 4
     each time.

`untabify'
     Convert all tabs in region to multiple spaces, preserving columns.
     The variable `tab-width' controls the spacing of tab stops.

`upcase-region'
     Convert the region to upper case.

`upcase-word'
     Convert following word (or argument N words) to upper case, moving
     over.

`view-zile-FAQ'
     Show the Zile Frequently Asked Questions list (FAQ).

`where-is'
     Show the key or keys to which the given command is bound.

`write-file'
     Write current buffer into the user specified file.  Makes buffer
     visit that file, and marks it not modified.

`yank'
     Reinsert the last stretch of killed text.  More precisely,
     reinsert the stretch of killed text most recently killed or
     yanked.  Put point at end, and set mark at beginning.

`zile-version'
     Show the version of Zile.

8 Variables
***********

This table contains the full list of available variables, that can be
modified at run-time with the `set-variable' function or set at start-up
in the `.zile' initialization file.

`auto-fill-mode'
     If non-nil, Auto Fill Mode is automatically enabled.  Default
     value is `nil'.

`backup-directory'
     The directory for backup files, which must exist.  If this
     variable is `nil', the backup is made in the original file's
     directory.  Default value is `nil'.

`case-fold-search'
     Non-nil means searches ignore case.

`case-replace'
     Non-nil means `query-replace' should preserve case in replacements.

`fill-column'
     Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen.
     Automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion.
     Default value is `72'.

`highlight-nonselected-windows'
     If non-nil, highlight region even in nonselected windows.  Default
     value is `nil'.

`indent-tabs-mode'
     If non-nil, insert-tab inserts `real' tabs; otherwise, it always
     inserts spaces.  Default value is `nil'.

`inhibit-splash-screen'
     Non-nil inhibits the startup screen.  It also inhibits display of
     the initial message in the `*scratch*' buffer.  Default value is
     `nil'.

`kill-whole-line'
     If non-nil, `kill-line' with no arg at the beginning of a line
     kills the whole line.  Default value is `nil'.

`make-backup-files'
     Non-nil means make a backup of a file the first time it is saved.
     This is done by appending ``~'' to the file name.  Default value
     is `t'.

`ring-bell'
     Non-nil means ring the terminal bell on any error.  Default value
     is `t'.

`standard-indent'
     Default number of columns for margin-changing functions to indent.
     Default values is `4'.

`tab-always-indent'
     Controls the operation of the `TAB' key.  If `t', hitting `TAB'
     always just indents the current line.  If `nil', hitting `TAB'
     indents the current line if point is at the left margin or in the
     line's indentation, otherwise it inserts a "real" TAB character.
     Default value is `t'.

`tab-width'
     Distance between tab stops (for display of tab characters), in
     columns.  Automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any
     fashion.  Default value is `8'.

`transient-mark-mode'
     If non-nil, deactivates the mark when the buffer contents change.
     Also enables highlighting of the region whenever the mark is
     active.  The variable `highlight-nonselected-windows' controls
     whether to highlight all windows or just the selected window.
     Default value is `t'.

9 Help and bug reports
**********************

Questions, comments and requests should be sent to <help-zile@gnu.org>.
Bug reports should be sent to <bug-zile@gnu.org>. Savannah users are
welcome to file bug reports, feature requests and patches directly in
the relevant tracker at `http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/zile/'.

10 The GNU Free Documentation License
*************************************

                      Version 1.2, November 2002

     Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
     We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
     can be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You
     accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
     way requiring permission under copyright law.

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
     the notice that says that the Document is released under this
     License.  If a section does not fit the above definition of
     Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
     The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document
     does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
     composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
     widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
     text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
     formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an
     otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
     markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
     modification by readers is not Transparent.  An image format is
     not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text.  A
     copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
     standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
     human modification.  Examples of transparent image formats include
     PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
     can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
     XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
     available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
     produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
     the conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the
     title equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material
     on the covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the
     covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
     satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
     other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a
     machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
     state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
     which the general network-using public has access to download
     using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
     copy of the Document, free of added material.  If you use the
     latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
     begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
     this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
     location until at least one year after the last time you
     distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
     retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of
     copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
     version of the Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
     the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
     licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
     whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these
     things in the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
          previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
          in the History section of the Document).  You may use the
          same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
          that version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
          from this requirement.

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
          the Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in
          the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
          and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
          then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
          the previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in
          the "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a
          work that was published at least four years before the
          Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
          it refers to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
          section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
          unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
          or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
          titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option
     designate some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this,
     add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
     Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any
     other section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
     definition of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
     of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one
     passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
     added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the
     Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
     previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
     you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
     replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
     publisher that added the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
     all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
     documents in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
     this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
     that document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
     a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
     attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
     void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
     License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
     from you under this License will not have their licenses
     terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
     the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
     you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
     Free Software Foundation.

