template_extend - how to extend the Text::Tmpl template library (with C or Perl). Perl: $context->register_simple("name", \&simple_handler); sub simple_handler { my($context, $name, @args) = @_; # do stuff to build a return string return "result string!"; } $context->register_pair($is_named, "open", "close", \&pair_handler); sub pair_handler { my($context, $name, @args) = @_; # do stuff to the context return; } $subctx = Text::Tmpl::context_get_anonymous_child($ctx); $subctx = Text::Tmpl::context_get_named_child($ctx, $name); $peerctx = Text::Tmpl::context_add_peer($ctx); $return = Text::Tmpl::context_set_named_child($ctx, $name); Text::Tmpl::context_output_contents($ctx, $output); C: int template_register_simple(context_p ctx, char *name, void (*function)(context_p, char **, int, char**)) void simple_handler(context_p ctx, char **output, int argc, char **argv) { char *returnstring; /* do stuff to build a return string */ *output = (char *)calloc(1, strlen(returnstring)); strncpy(*output, returnstring, strlen(returnstring)); return; } int template_register_pair(context_p ctx, char named_context, char *open_name, char *close_name, void (*function)(context_p, int, char**)) void pair_handler(context_p ctx, int argc, char **argv) { /* do stuff to the context */ return; } context_p context_get_anonymous_child(context_p ctx); context_p context_get_named_child(context_p ctx, char *name); int context_set_named_child(context_p ctx, char *name); context_p context_add_peer(context_p ctx); void context_output_contents(context_p ctx, char output_contents); Creating new tags in this templating system is pretty easy, despite the somewhat daunting API. The perl and C APIs are virtually identical in both usage and effects, so I'm going to be discussing the process in a (hopefully) language independent way. Note that tags are global in scope - a tag can be registered at any point before the parsing stage and will be visible to the entire template. This may change in future versions, if there seems to be a demand for scoped tags.

Tag Argument Passing
Arguments to any tag are passed into the tag function as an argc/argv pair in the C API, or a list in the Perl API. Either way, element 0 of the argument list will be the tag name, so the first argument is actually element 1.

Simple Tags
Simple tags are lone tags which generate a string for inclusion in the parsed output. A perl simple tag function simply returns a string, whereas a C simple tag function has to allocate a new string (which the caller will free() after use.) The echo tag function in C looks like: void simple_tag_echo(context_p ctx, char **output, int argc, char **argv) { int size; if (argc < 1) { *output = NULL; return; } size = strlen(argv[1]); *output = (char *)calloc(1, size + 1); strncpy(*output, argv[1], size); (*output)[size] = '\0'; return; } This illustrates a couple of things: errors from simple tags should be indicated by making *output a NULL pointer, and don't forget to null-terminate *output. In perl, you would duplicate this by: sub simple_tag_echo { my $context = shift || return undef; my $name = shift || return undef; my $string = shift || return undef; return $string; } It should also be pointed out that all of the argument parsing, including variable interpolation, has already happened by this point. Simple tags are called with the context in which they are found. They can make changes to the context, but the results may be unexpected - for example, attempting to disable the output of the entire surrounding context will not work. The output string from a single tag will (if not NULL) be run through the parser. This means that a simple tag can output a template fragment. So, for example, if you wanted to implement an "else" tag, you could: sub simple_tag_else { my $context = shift || return undef; my $name = shift || return undef; return "<!--#endif--><!--#ifn-->"; }

Tag Pairs
Tag pairs are more complicated. As the name implies, tag pairs have a beginning and an end, denoted by two distinct tags. When a beginning tag is found, the parser scans forward to find the matching closing tag, and then parses everything in between in the context of the tag function. There are two kinds of tag pairs - those with named contexts, and those with anonymous contexts. A named context is used for tag pairs which allow the programmer to pre-build some (or all) of the context structure before parsing takes place, such as the loop tag. An anonymous context is used when the context is constructed completely at parse time, such as the comment tag. The actual name of the context, in a named context tag pair, is the first argument to the opening tag (for example <!--#loop "foo"--> retrieves the named context "foo" from the parent context). The tag function is called before parsing of the context begins, so it gets to completely set up the context beforehand. So the comment tag, for example, simply disables output of the context: void tag_pair_comment(context_p ctx, int argc, char **argv) { context_output_contents(ctx, 0); return; } The contents of the context are never even parsed, since the parser knows that it won't be output.

The context_* functions
This group of functions is used to manipulate context structures in ways the main template API doesn't allow. Before we dive into it, some understanding of the context structure will be required. Contexts are quite simple, really. They contain a list of variables and a flag which determines whether the contents of the context should be output. Each context can also know about a number of other contexts internally: its parent, its peer(s) - each peer representing a loop iteration - and its named children. A context may have zero or more of each of these. For example, the initial context returned from template_init has no parent, no peers and no named children initially. If you call template_loop_iteration, the main context will gain a single named child context, which in turn will have the main context as a parent, no peers (yet) and no named children. If you call template_loop_iteration on the main context with the same name again, the named child will gain a peer context. And so on, and so forth... In summary: the parent context provides nested scopes, peers represent iterations over the same chunk of the template, and named children are contexts which can be fetched by name both at preparation time and parse time. Creates and returns an unnamed context with the parent set to the current context (i.e. a new context within the scope of the current context). This function returns a named context within the scope of the current context, if it exists. This function creates a new named context within the scope of the current context. This function adds a peer context to the context passed in, and initializes it. This function sets the output_contents flag in the current context. Functions which return context_p pointers will return NULL if there is any problem at all. Functions which return integers return 0 on failure and 1 on success. Hopefully none. J. David Lowe, dlowe@saturn5.com libtmpl(1), Text::Tmpl(1), template_syntax(1)